Pronunciation respelling is a type of notation system used to convey the pronunciation Pronunciation refers to the way a word or a language is spoken, or the manner in which someone utters a word. If one is said to have "correct pronunciation", then it refers to both within a particular dialect of words, in a language which doesn't have a phonemic orthography A phonemic orthography is a writing system where the written graphemes correspond to phonemes, the spoken sounds of the language. In terms of orthographic depth, these are termed shallow orthographies, contrasting with deep orthographies. These are sometimes termed true alphabets, but non-alphabetic writing systems like syllabaries can be phonemic (such as English English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into South-East Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria. Following the economic, political, military, scientific, cultural, and colonial influence of Great Britain and the United Kingdom from the 18th century, and of). Respelling systems are meant to be easy for native readers to understand, but do not represent phonetic Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that comprises the study of the sounds of human speech. It is concerned with the physical properties of speech sounds (phones): their physiological production, acoustic properties, auditory perception, and neurophysiological status. Phonology, on the other hand, is concerned with abstract, grammatical differences between English accents or dialects. English dictionaries A dictionary, also referred to as a lexicon, wordbook, or vocabulary, is a collection of words in one or more specific languages, often listed alphabetically, with usage information, definitions, etymologies, phonetics, pronunciations, and other information; or a book of words in one language with their equivalents in another, also known as a have used various respelling systems to convey phonemic In a language or dialect, a phoneme is the smallest segmental unit of sound employed to form meaningful contrasts between utterances representations of the spoken word since at least the early nineteenth century. Today such systems remain in use in American dictionaries for native English speakers,^[1] but they have been replaced by the International Phonetic Alphabet in linguistics references, bilingual dictionaries, and most dictionaries outside the United States.^[2] A few dictionaries use “sound-alike” pronunciation, sometimes called newspaper respelling^[3] or non-phonemic respelling.^[4]

More sophisticated phonetic systems have been developed, such as James Murray James Augustus Henry Murray was a Scottish lexicographer and philologist. He was the primary editor of the Oxford English Dictionary from 1879 until his death's scheme for the original Oxford English Dictionary The Oxford English Dictionary , published by the Oxford University Press, is a dictionary of the English language. Two fully-bound print editions of the OED have been published under its current name, in 1928 and 1989. As of December 2008[update], the editors had completed one quarter of a third edition, and the International Phonetic Alphabet The International Phonetic Alphabet [note 1] is a system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin alphabet, devised by the International Phonetic Association as a standardized representation of the sounds of spoken language. The IPA is used by foreign language students and teachers, linguists, speech pathologists and therapists, singers, (IPA), which replaced it in later editions and has been adopted by many British and international dictionaries. The IPA system is not a respelling system because it uses symbols such as ð and θ which are not used in English spelling. Most current British dictionaries^[5] use IPA for this purpose. The pronunciation which these dictionaries refer to is the so-called Received Pronunciation Received Pronunciation , also called the Queen's (or King's) English and BBC English, is the accent of Standard English in England, with a relationship to regional accents similar to that of other European languages. Although there is nothing intrinsic about RP that marks it as superior to any other variety, sociolinguistic factors give Received, which is based upon educated speech in southern England.

Traditional respelling systems

The following chart matches the IPA symbols used to represent the sounds of the English language English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into South-East Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria. Following the economic, political, military, scientific, cultural, and colonial influence of Great Britain and the United Kingdom from the 18th century, and of with the phonetic symbols used in several dictionaries, a majority of which transcribe American English American English is a set of dialects of the English language used mostly in the United States. Approximately two thirds of native speakers of English live in the United States.

The following consonant In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract. Examples are [p], pronounced with the lips; [t], pronounced with the front of the tongue; [k], pronounced with the back of the tongue; [h], pronounced in the throat; [f] and [s], pronounced by forcing air through a letters have the same values in IPA and all other systems listed: b, d, f, g, k, l, m, n, p, r,¹ s, t, v, w, z.

These works adhere (for the most part) to the one-symbol-per-sound principle. Other works not included here, such as Webster's New Twentieth Century Dictionary of the English Language (unabridged, 2nd ed.), do not, and thus have several different symbols for the same sound (partly to allow for different phonemic mergers and splits For example, in many languages, including English, most front vowels are unrounded, while most back vowels are rounded. There are no languages in which all front vowels are rounded and all back vowels are unrounded. The most likely explanation for this[citation needed] is that front vowels have a higher second formant than back vowels, and).

The full titles of abbreviated column headings in the following table are viewable in interactive media (as opposed to hard copy In information handling, a hard copy is a permanent reproduction, or copy, in the form of a physical object, of any media suitable for direct use by a person , of displayed or transmitted data. Examples of hard copy include teleprinter pages, continuous printed tapes, facsimile pages, computer printouts, and radio photo prints). Hover over the abbreviations to see the full titles.

Title abbreviations

• IPA — International Phonetic Alphabet for General American General American is a major accent of American English. The accent is not restricted to the United States, as it is quite common in parts of Canada[citation needed]. Within American English, General American and accents approximating it are contrasted with Southern American English, several Northeastern accents, and other distinct regional accents.
• K&K — A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English (1944 [1953]), John S. Kenyon Born in Medina, Ohio, he graduated from Hiram College in 1898 and taught there as a professor of English from 1916 to 1944, when he retired and became an emeritus professor until his death. Together with Thomas A. Knott, he wrote A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English , still regarded as a classic guide to American English pronunciation, Thomas A. Knott. Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster.
• APA — Americanist phonetic notation Americanist phonetic notation is a system of phonetic notation originally developed by European and American anthropologists and language scientists (students of Neo-grammarians) for the phonetic and phonemic transcription of Native American and European languages. However, the system is generally used for transcribing any language, used primarily in linguistics literature in the U.S.A.
• NOAD — New Oxford American Dictionary The New Oxford American Dictionary is a single-volume dictionary of North American English compiled by American editors at the Oxford University Press. The current (second) edition contains more than 250,000 definitions. Erin McKean was its Principal Editor (2001, 2005). New York: Oxford University Press.
• AHD — American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (2000). Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.
• RHD — Random House Dictionary of the English Language The Random House Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged was the original name of a large American dictionary, first published in 1966, and recently renamed the Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary (1966).
• WBO — World Book Online (1998).
• MECD — Microsoft Encarta College Dictionary.
• DPL — Dictionary of Pronunciation, Abraham Lass and Betty Lass.
• DPN — Dictionary of Pronunciation, Samuel Noory.
• NBC — NBC Handbook of Pronunciation.
• MWCD — Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary Webster's Dictionary is the name given to a common type of English language dictionary in the United States. The name is derived from lexicographer Noah Webster and has become a genericized trademark for this type of dictionary.
• COD — The Concise Oxford Dictionary (1964 [1974]), 5th edition, E. McIntosh, ed. Oxford: OUP. (This notation was used up to the 7th edition; newer editions use the IPA.)
• POD — The Pocket Oxford Dictionary (2006), 2nd edition, E. Jewell, Oxford: OUP.
• Cham — The Chambers Dictionary (2003).
• AB — Arpabet, a commonly used computerized encoding of English pronunciation. It is used by the CMU Pronouncing Dictionary.
• Dictcom — Dictionary.com Reference.com is an online encyclopedia, thesaurus, and dictionary. The site also provides machine translation and web search offers both spelled pronunciation[1] and IPA[2]

Notes

• ^1 The more precise IPA symbol [ɹ] is sometimes used for English /r/.
• ^2 Older editions of The Chambers Dictionary used o͞o for ŭ and o͞o for oo.
• ^3 Nasalized vowel, as in the French phrase un bon vin blanc (IPA: [œ̃ bɔ̃ vɛ̃ blɑ̃]).
• ^4 Older editions of the Concise Oxford Dictionary used a mix of two systems: the "phonetic scheme" shown in the table above and a system “without respelling”. The latter added diacritics to conventional spellings.
• ^5 These are the stress marks in the print edition. Online, primary and secondary are both written '.

Secondary/tertiary stress is only marked when judged to be unpredictable, but is not distinguished from primary stress when it is marked.

Pronunciation without respelling

Some dictionaries indicate hyphenation and syllabic stress in the headword. A few have even used diacritics to show pronunciation “without respelling” in the headwords.

The Concise Oxford Dictionary, 1st through 4th edition used a mix of two systems. Some editions of Webster's Unabridged Dictionary have offered a method for teachers to indicate pronunciation without respelling as a supplement to the respelling scheme used in the dictionary.

International Phonetic Alphabet

The International Phonetic Alphabet The International Phonetic Alphabet [note 1] is a system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin alphabet, devised by the International Phonetic Association as a standardized representation of the sounds of spoken language. The IPA is used by foreign language students and teachers, linguists, speech pathologists and therapists, singers, is a standardized method of phonetic transcription Phonetic transcription is the visual system of symbolization of the sounds occurring in spoken human language. The most common type of phonetic transcription uses a phonetic alphabet (such as the International Phonetic Alphabet) developed by a group of English and French language teachers in 1888. In the beginning, only specialized pronunciation dictionaries for linguists used it, for example, the English Pronouncing Dictionary edited by Daniel Jones (EPD, 1917). The IPA was used by English teachers as well, and started to appear in popular dictionaries for learners of English as a foreign language, such as the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (1948), and Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (1978).

IPA is very flexible, allowing for a wide variety of transcriptions between broad phonemic In a language or dialect, a phoneme is the smallest segmental unit of sound employed to form meaningful contrasts between utterances transcriptions which describe the significant units of meaning in language, and phonetic Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that comprises the study of the sounds of human speech. It is concerned with the physical properties of speech sounds (phones): their physiological production, acoustic properties, auditory perception, and neurophysiological status. Phonology, on the other hand, is concerned with abstract, grammatical transcriptions which may indicate every nuance of sound in detail.

The IPA pronunciation scheme used in the first twelve editions of the EPD was relatively simple, using a quantitative system indicating vowel length using a colon, and requiring the reader to infer other vowel qualities. Many phoneticians preferred a qualitative system, which used different symbols to indicate vowel timbre and colour. A.C. Gimson introduced a quantitative-qualitative IPA notation system when he took over editorship of the EPD (13th edition, 1967), and by the 1990s, the Gimson system had become a de facto standard for phonetic notation of British Received Pronunciation Received Pronunciation , also called the Queen's (or King's) English and BBC English, is the accent of Standard English in England, with a relationship to regional accents similar to that of other European languages. Although there is nothing intrinsic about RP that marks it as superior to any other variety, sociolinguistic factors give Received (RP).

The first native (not learner's) English dictionary using IPA may have been the Collins English Dictionary (1979), and others followed suit. The Oxford English Dictionary The Oxford English Dictionary , published by the Oxford University Press, is a dictionary of the English language. Two fully-bound print editions of the OED have been published under its current name, in 1928 and 1989. As of December 2008[update], the editors had completed one quarter of a third edition, 2nd edition (OED2, 1989) used IPA, transcribed letter-for-letter from entries in the first edition, which had been noted in a scheme by the original editor, James Murray James Augustus Henry Murray was a Scottish lexicographer and philologist. He was the primary editor of the Oxford English Dictionary from 1879 until his death.

While IPA has not been adopted by popular dictionaries in the United States, there is a demand for learner's dictionaries which provide both British and American English pronunciation. Some dictionaries, such as the Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary and the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English provide a separate transcription for each.

British and American English dialects have a similar set of phonemes In a language or dialect, a phoneme is the smallest segmental unit of sound employed to form meaningful contrasts between utterances, but some are pronounced differently; in technical parlance, they consist of different phones A phonetic transcription is enclosed within square brackets, rather than the slashes of a phonemic transcription. Although developed for RP, the Gimson system being phonemic, it is not far from much of General American General American is a major accent of American English. The accent is not restricted to the United States, as it is quite common in parts of Canada[citation needed]. Within American English, General American and accents approximating it are contrasted with Southern American English, several Northeastern accents, and other distinct regional accents pronunciation as well. A number of recent dictionaries, such as the Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner's English Dictionary, add a few non-phonemic symbols /ʳ i u ᵊl ᵊn/ to represent both RP and General American pronunciation in a single IPA transcription.

Clive Upton Clive Upton is professor of English language at the University of Leeds, England, specializing in dialectology and sociolinguistics. He has also acted as a consultant on British pronuciation for the English-language dictionaries published by Oxford University Press, including the Oxford English Dictionary, the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, updated the Gimson scheme, changing the symbols used for five vowels. He served as pronunciation consultant for the influential Concise Oxford English Dictionary The Concise Oxford English Dictionary is probably the best-known of the 'smaller' Oxford dictionaries. It was started as a derivative of the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), although section S–Z had to be written before the Oxford English Dictionary reached that stage, which adopted this scheme in its ninth edition (1995). Upton's reform is controversial: it reflects changing pronunciation, but critics say it represents a narrower regional accent, and abandons parallelism with American and Australian English. In addition, the UCL linguist John C Wells said that he could not understand why Upton had altered the presentation of "price" to prʌɪs.^[6]

Upton outlined his reasons for the transcription in a chapter of A Handbook of Varieties of English. He said that the PRICE vowel represented how the starting point could be anything from centralised front to centralised back.^[7] The change in the NURSE vowel was intended as a simplification as well as a reflection that nɜːs was not the only possible realisation in RP.^[8] The other alterations were intended to reflect changes that have occurred over time.

The in-progress 3rd edition of the Oxford English Dictionary The Oxford English Dictionary , published by the Oxford University Press, is a dictionary of the English language. Two fully-bound print editions of the OED have been published under its current name, in 1928 and 1989. As of December 2008[update], the editors had completed one quarter of a third edition uses Upton's scheme for representing British pronunciations. For American pronunciations it uses an IPA-based scheme devised by Prof. William Kretzschmar of the University of Georgia The University of Georgia is an American public research university located in Athens, Georgia, the oldest and largest of the state's institutions of higher learning. Not only is UGA the oldest state-chartered university in the state, it is also the oldest such university in the United States. Founded in 1785, UGA is one of multiple schools to.

See also

• English spelling reform English spelling reform is the collective term for various campaigns and efforts to change the spelling of the English language to make it simpler and more rationally consistent. There exists a small-scale movement among amateur and professional linguists, but one with a long history and some mixed successes
• Wikipedia:Manual of Style (pronunciation)
• WP:IPA for English
• International Phonetic Alphabet The International Phonetic Alphabet [note 1] is a system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin alphabet, devised by the International Phonetic Association as a standardized representation of the sounds of spoken language. The IPA is used by foreign language students and teachers, linguists, speech pathologists and therapists, singers,
• SAMPA The Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet is a computer-readable phonetic script using 7-bit printable ASCII characters, based on the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
• General American General American is a major accent of American English. The accent is not restricted to the United States, as it is quite common in parts of Canada[citation needed]. Within American English, General American and accents approximating it are contrasted with Southern American English, several Northeastern accents, and other distinct regional accents
• A Wikipedia pronunciation respelling key
• English pronunciation of Greek letters This table gives the common English pronunciation of Greek letters using the International Phonetic Alphabet It is the pronunciation of the ancient Greek names of the Greek letters using the English teaching pronunciation (traditionally called "Erasmian"). Sometimes, especially in the sciences, the vowels will be pronounced closer to the
• Roman Phonetic Alphabet for English

References

1. ^ Landau 2001, p 118.
2. ^ Landau 2001, 119–21.
3. ^ Landau 2001, 121.
4. ^ Fraser 1997, p 182.
5. ^ Such as The Oxford BBC Guide to Pronunciation Mind your language, by Dot Wordsworth, in The Spectator, November 7, 2007.
6. ^ http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/ipa-english.htm
7. ^ A Handbook of Varieties of English By Bernd Kortmann, Edgar W. Schneider, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, page 225
8. ^ A Handbook of Varieties of English By Bernd Kortmann, Edgar W. Schneider, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, page 224

• Emsley, Bert (February 1940). "Progress in Pronouncing Dictionaries". American Speech 15 (1): 55–59. doi A digital object identifier is a character string used to uniquely identify an electronic document or other object. Metadata about the object is stored in association with the DOI name and this metadata may include a location, such as a URL, where the object can be found. The DOI for a document is permanent, whereas its location and other metadata:10.2307/452729. JSTOR JSTOR is a United States-based online system for archiving academic journals, founded in 1995. It provides full-text searches of digitized back issues of several hundred well-known journals, dating back to 1665 in the case of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society SICI The Serial Item and Contribution Identifier is a code (ANSI/NISO standard Z39.56) used to uniquely identify specific volumes, articles or other identifiable parts of a periodical. It is “intended primarily for use by those members of the bibliographic community involved in the use or management of serial titles and their contributions” 0003-1283(194002)15%3A1%3C55%3APIPD%3E2.0.CO%3B2-E.
• Fraser, Helen (1997), “Dictionary Pronunciation Guides for English,” in International Journal of Lexicography, v 10, n 3, pp 181–208.
• Landau, Sidney I. (2001), Dictionaries: The Art and Craft of Lexicography, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press.
• Wells, John (2001). "IPA transcription systems for English", at University College London Department of Phonetics and Linguistics site. Retrieved 2006-08-16.
• Windsor Lewis, Jack (December 2003). "IPA vowel symbols for British English in dictionaries". Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2). http://www.yek.me.uk/ipadicts.html. Retrieved 2007-11-29.
• Antimoon.com. "Introduction to phonetic transcription", at Antimoon.com. Retrieved 2006-08-16.
• Oxford English Dictionary. "Pronunciation", from the Preface to the Third Edition. Retrieved 2006-09-10.
• Oxford English Dictionary. "Key for Second Edition Entries", from the OED website. Retrieved 2006-09-10.
• Oxford English Dictionary. "Key to New Edition Entries", from the OED website. Retrieved 2006-09-10.

External links

• Merriam-Webster Online Pronunciation Overview, Pronunciation Guide, Guide to Pronunciation
• Key to the Pronunciation, Oxford English Dictionary
• The use of Phonetic and other Symbols in Dictionaries: A brief survey
• Pronunciation key, the Free Dictionary

Categories: Phonetic alphabets | English phonology | American English | Phonetic guides

See Also:

• British English: Encyclopedia
• American English: Encyclopedia
• IPA Chart for English: Encyclopedia
• Rhymes:English:-ɪlə: Dictionary

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