The city City status in the United Kingdom is granted by the British monarch to a select group of communities. The holding of city status gives a settlement no special rights other than that of calling itself a "city". Nonetheless, this appellation carries its own prestige and, consequently, competitions for the status are hard fought. The status of Cambridge (pronounced /ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ/ ( listen) (KAYM-bridj)) is a university town A college town or university town is a community which is dominated by its university population. The university may be large, or there may be several smaller institutions such as liberal arts colleges clustered, or the residential population may be small, but college towns in all cases are so dubbed because the presence of the educational and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire Cambridgeshire is noted as the site of some of the earliest known Neolithic permanent settlements in the United Kingdom, along with sites at Fengate and Balbridie, England The area now called England has been settled by people of various cultures for about 35,000 years, but it takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in AD 927, and since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century, has had a significant. It lies in East Anglia East Anglia is a traditional name for a region of eastern England, named after an ancient Anglo-Saxon kingdom, the Kingdom of the East Angles. The Angles took their name from their homeland Angeln, in northern Germany. East Anglia initially consisted of Norfolk and Suffolk, but upon the marriage of the East Anglian princess Etheldreda, the Isle of about 50 miles (80 km) north-by-east of London London is a leading global city being the world's largest financial centre alongside New York City, and has the largest city GDP in Europe. Central London is home to the headquarters of most of the UK's top 100 listed companies and more than 100 of Europe's 500 largest. London's influence in politics, finance, education, entertainment, media,. Cambridge is also at the heart of the high-technology High tech is technology that is at the cutting edge: the most advanced technology currently available. The adjective form is hyphenated: high-tech or high-technology centre known as Silicon Fen Silicon Fen is the name given to the region around Cambridge, England, which is home to a large cluster of high-tech businesses, especially those related to software, electronics, and biotechnology. Many of these have connections with the University of Cambridge, and the area is now one of the most important technology centres in Europe – a play on Silicon Valley Silicon Valley is in the southern part of the San Francisco Bay Area in Northern California, United States. The region is home to many of the world's largest technology companies including Apple, Google, Facebook, HP, Intel, Cisco, eBay, Adobe, Agilent, Oracle, Yahoo, Netflix, and EA. The term originally referred to the region's large number of and the fens The Fens, also known as the Fenland, are a naturally marshy region in eastern England. Most of the fens were drained several centuries ago, resulting in a flat, damp, low-lying agricultural region surrounding the city.

Cambridge is well known as the home of the University of Cambridge The University of Cambridge is the second oldest university in England and the fourth oldest in Europe. In post-nominals the university's name is abbreviated as Cantab, a shortened form of Cantabrigiensis (an adjective derived from Cantabrigia, the Latinised form of Cambridge), one of the world's premier universities. The university includes the renowned Cavendish Laboratory The Cavendish Laboratory is the University of Cambridge's Department of Physics, and is part of the university's School of Physical Sciences. It was opened in 1874 as a teaching laboratory and was initially located on the New Museums Site, Free School Lane, in the centre of Cambridge. After perennial space problems, it moved to its present site in, King's College Chapel King's College Chapel is the chapel to King's College of the University of Cambridge, and is one of the finest examples of late Gothic English architecture, and the Cambridge University Library The Cambridge University Library is the centrally-administered library of the University of Cambridge in England. It comprises five separate libraries:. The Cambridge skyline is dominated by the last two buildings, along with the chimney of Addenbrooke's Hospital Addenbrooke's Hospital is a large teaching hospital in Cambridge, England, with strong links to the University of Cambridge. It was founded in 1766 on Trumpington Street with £4,500 from the will of Dr John Addenbrooke, a fellow of St Catharine's College.. In 1976, the hospital moved to its present premises on the southern edge of the city at the in the far south of the city and St John's College St John's College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge Chapel tower in the north.

According to the 2001 United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland[note 7] is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island country, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many small islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land census, the city's population was 108,863 (including 22,153 students), and the population of the urban area (which includes parts of South Cambridgeshire South Cambridgeshire is a mostly rural local government district of Cambridgeshire, England. It was formed on 1 April 1974 by the merger of Chesterton Rural District and South Cambridgeshire Rural District. It surrounds the city of Cambridge, which is administered separately from the district by Cambridge City Council. On the abolition of South district) is estimated to be 130,000. Cambridge is surrounded by many smaller towns and villages.

History

Prehistory

Settlements have existed around this area since before the Roman Empire The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial holdings in Europe and around the Mediterranean. The term is used to describe the Roman state during and after the time of the first emperor, Augustus^{[citation needed]} The earliest clear evidence of occupation is the remains of a 3,500-year-old farmstead discovered at the site of Fitzwilliam College.^[2] There is further archaeological evidence through the Iron Age In archaeology, the Iron Age is the prehistoric period in any area during which cutting tools and weapons were mainly made of iron or steel. The adoption of this material coincided with other changes in society, including differing agricultural practices, religious beliefs and artistic styles, a Belgic The Belgae were a group of tribes living in northern Gaul, on the west bank of the Rhine, in the 3rd century BC, and later also in Britain. They gave their name to the Roman province of Gallia Belgica, and later, to the modern country of Belgium tribe having settled on Castle Hill in the 1st century BC.^[3]

Roman times

The first major development of the area began with the Roman invasion of Britain The Roman conquest of Britain was a fairly gradual process, beginning effectively in AD 43 under Emperor Claudius, whose general Aulus Plautius served as first governor of Britannia. However, Great Britain had already frequently been the target of invasions, planned and actual, by forces of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire. In common with other in about AD 40. Castle Hill made Cambridge a useful place for a military outpost from which to defend the River Cam The River Cam is a tributary of the River Great Ouse in the east of England. The two rivers join to the south of Ely at Pope's Corner.[map 1] The Great Ouse connects the Cam to England's canal system and to the North Sea at King's Lynn. The total distance from Cambridge to the sea is about 40 mi (64 km). It was also the crossing point for the Via Devana which linked Colchester Colchester (pronounced /ˈkoʊltʃɛstə/ ) is a town and the largest settlement within the borough of Colchester in Essex, England in Essex Essex is a county in the East of England region of the United Kingdom. The county town of Essex is Chelmsford with the garrisons at Lincoln and the north. This Roman settlement has been identified as Duroliponte.

The settlement remained a regional centre during the 350 years after the Roman occupation, until about AD 400 Year 400 was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Roman roads and walled enclosures can still be seen in the area.

Duroliponte means bridge over the duro or duroli, which appears to derive from the celtic word for water.

Saxon and Viking age

After the Romans had left Saxons Anglo-Saxons is the term usually used to describe the invading Germanic tribes in the south and east of Great Britain from the early 5th century AD, and their creation of the English nation, to the Norman conquest of 1066. The Benedictine monk, Bede, identified them as the descendants of three Germanic tribes: took over the land on and around Castle Hill. Their grave goods have been found in the area. During Anglo-Saxon times Cambridge benefited from good trade links across the hard-to-travel fenlands. By the 7th century, however, visitors from nearby Ely reported that Cambridge had declined severely^{[citation needed]}. Cambridge is mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of annals in Old English chronicling the history of the Anglo-Saxons. The annals were initially created late in the 9th century, probably in Wessex, during the reign of Alfred the Great. Multiple manuscript copies were made and distributed to monasteries across England and were independently updated. In as "Grantebrycge".

The arrival of the Vikings The term Viking is customarily used to refer to the Norse (Scandinavian) explorers, warriors, merchants, and pirates who raided, traded, and settled in wide areas of Europe and the North Atlantic islands from the late eighth to the mid-eleventh century. These Norsemen used their famed longships to travel as far east as Constantinople and the Volga in Cambridge was recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 875. Viking rule, the Danelaw The Danelaw, as recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , is a historical name given to the part of England in which the laws of the "Danes" held sway and dominated those of the Anglo-Saxons. It is contrasted with "West Saxon law" and "Mercian law". The term has been extended by modern historians to be geographical. The, had been imposed by 878^[4] The Vikings' vigorous trading habits caused Cambridge to grow rapidly. During this period the centre of the town shifted from Castle Hill on the left bank La Rive Gauche is the southern bank of the river Seine in Paris. Here, the river flows roughly westwards, cutting the city into two: the Rive Droite (Right Bank), to the north and the Rive Gauche (Left Bank), to the south of the river to the area now known as the Quayside on the right bank.^[4] After the end of the Viking period the Saxons enjoyed a brief return to power, building St Bene't's Church^[5] in 1025, which still stands in Bene't Street.

Norman times

In 1068, two years after his conquest of England, William of Normandy built a castle on Castle Hill. Like the rest of the newly conquered kingdom, Cambridge fell under the control of the King and his deputies. The distinctive Round Church dates from this period. By Norman times the name of the town had mutated to Grentabrige or Cantebrigge (Grantbridge), while the river that flowed through it was called the Granta.

Over time the name of the town changed to Cambridge, while the river Cam was still known as the Granta — indeed the Upper River (the stretch between the Millpond in Cambridge and Grantchester) is correctly known as the Granta to this day. The Welsh language Welsh is a member of the Brythonic branch of the Celtic languages spoken natively in Wales, in England by some along the Welsh border, in the Welsh immigrant colony in the Chubut Valley in Argentine Patagonia, and the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand name of the town remains Caergrawnt (roughly analogous to Grantchester Grantchester is a village on the River Cam or Granta in Cambridgeshire, in England in the United Kingdom. It is listed in the Domesday Book as Grantesete and Grauntsethe, which is also the name of a village near Cambridge). It was only later that the river became known as the Cam, by analogy with the name Cambridge. The University, formed 1209, uses a Latin Latin or sometimes Roman is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Although often considered a dead language, in view of the fact that it has no native, fluent speakers, Latin continues to be taught in schools and has been, and currently is, used in the process of new word production in modern languages from many adjective cantabrigiensis (often contracted to "Cantab") to mean "of Cambridge", but this is obviously a back-formation A retronym is a new name for an object or concept to differentiate the original form or version of it from a more recent form or version. The original name is most often augmented with an adjective to account for later developments of the object or concept itself. Much retronymy is driven by advances in technology from the English name.

Beginnings of the university

In 1209, students escaping from hostile townspeople in Oxford Oxford (pronounced /ˈɒksfərd/ ) is a city, and the county town of Oxfordshire, in South East England. The city, made prominent by its medieval university, has a population of just under 165,000, with 151,000 living within the district boundary. The rivers Cherwell and Thames run through Oxford and meet south of the city centre. For a distance fled to Cambridge and formed a university there.^[6] The oldest college College is a term most often used today in Ireland and the United States to denote a degree-awarding tertiary educational institution and in other English-speaking countries to refer to a secondary school in private educational systems. More broadly, it can refer to any group of colleagues, such as an electoral college, a College of Arms or the that still exists, Peterhouse Peterhouse is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge, England. It is the oldest college of the University, having been founded in 1284 by Hugo de Balsham, Bishop of Ely. Peterhouse has 284 undergraduates, 130 graduate students and 45 fellows, making it the smallest of the university's traditional colleges . The modern name of, was founded in 1284.^[7] One of the most well-known buildings in Cambridge, King's College Chapel King's College Chapel is the chapel to King's College of the University of Cambridge, and is one of the finest examples of late Gothic English architecture, was begun in 1446 by King Henry VI Henry VI was King of England from 1422 to 1461 and again from 1470 to 1471, and controversial King of France from 1422 to 1453. Until 1437, his realms were governed by regents. Contemporaneously, he was described as a peaceful and pious man, not suited for the harsh nature of the struggles facing him. His periods of insanity and his inherent.^[8] The project was completed in 1515 during the reign of King Henry VIII Henry VIII was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. He was also Lord of Ireland (later King of Ireland) and claimant to the Kingdom of France. Henry was the second monarch of the House of Tudor, succeeding his father, Henry VII.

Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press is the publishing business of the University of Cambridge. Granted Letters Patent by Henry VIII in 1534, it is the world's oldest continually operating book publisher originated with a printing licence issued in 1534. Hobson's Conduit, the first project to bring clean drinking water to the town centre, was built in 1610 (by the Hobson of Hobson's choice A Hobson's choice is a free choice in which only one option is offered, and one may refuse to take that option. The choice is therefore between taking the option or not; "take it or leave it." The phrase is said to originate from Thomas Hobson , a livery stable owner at Cambridge, England. To rotate the use of his horses he offered). Parts of it survive today. Addenbrooke's Hospital Addenbrooke's Hospital is a large teaching hospital in Cambridge, England, with strong links to the University of Cambridge. It was founded in 1766 on Trumpington Street with £4,500 from the will of Dr John Addenbrooke, a fellow of St Catharine's College.. In 1976, the hospital moved to its present premises on the southern edge of the city at the was founded in 1766. The railway and Cambridge station were built in 1845. According to legend, the University dictated their location: well away from the centre of town, so that the possibility of quick access to London would not distract students from their work. However, there is no written record of this notion.

Twentieth century

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s the size of the city was greatly increased by several large council estates planned to hold London overspill.^{[citation needed]} The biggest impact has been on the area north of the river, which are now the estates of Arbury, East Chesterton and King's Hedges, and there are many smaller estates to the south of the city.

In 1962 Cambridge's first shopping arcade, Bradwell's Court, opened on Drummer Street, though this was demolished in 2006.^[9] Other shopping arcades followed at Lion Yard, which housed a relocated Central Library for the city, and the Grafton Centre which replaced Victorian housing stock which had fallen into disrepair in the Kite area of the city. Both of these projects met strong opposition at the time.^[10][11]

The city gained its second University in 1992 when Anglia Polytechnic became Anglia Polytechnic University. Renamed Anglia Ruskin University Anglia Ruskin University, formerly Anglia Polytechnic University, is a university in England, with campuses in Cambridge and Chelmsford in 2005, the institution has its origins in the Cambridge School of Art opened in 1858 by John Ruskin John Ruskin was an English art critic and social thinker, also remembered as a poet and artist. His essays on art and architecture were extremely influential in the Victorian and Edwardian eras. The Open University also has a presence in the city, with an office operating on Hills Road.

Despite having a university, Cambridge was not granted its city charter City status in the United Kingdom is granted by the British monarch to a select group of communities. The holding of city status gives a settlement no special rights other than that of calling itself a "city". Nonetheless, this appellation carries its own prestige and, consequently, competitions for the status are hard fought. The status until 1951. Cambridge does not have a cathedral This is a list of Church of England Dioceses. A diocese is an administrative territorial unit governed by a bishop, of which there are currently 44 within the Church of England. These cover all of England, and also the Isle of Man, the Channel Islands, the Isles of Scilly, and a small part of Wales. The Diocese of Gibraltar in Europe is also a, traditionally a prerequisite for city status, instead falling within the Church of England Diocese of Ely.

Cambridge today

Cambridge is now one of East Anglia's major settlements, along with Norwich, Colchester, Ipswich and Peterborough.

Many of the buildings in the centre are colleges affiliated to the University of Cambridge, including King's College and Magdalene College. Colleges such as Trinity College and St John's College own significant land both in Cambridge and outside: Trinity is the landlord for the Cambridge Science Park,^[12] and also the port of Felixstowe; St John's is the landlord of St John's Innovation Centre next door to the Science Park, and many other buildings in the city centre.^[13]

Cambridge City Council plans to renew the area around the Corn Exchange concert hall, and plans for a permanent ice-skating rink are being considered after the success of a temporary one that has been on Parker's Piece every year for the past few years.^{[citation needed]} New housing and developments have continued through the twenty-first century, with estates such as the CB1^[14] and Accordia schemes near the station,^[15] and developments such as Clayfarm^[16] and Trumpington Meadows^[17] planned for the south of the city.

Business

Cambridge and its surrounds are sometimes referred to as Silicon Fen, an allusion to Silicon Valley, because of the density of high-tech businesses and technology incubators that have developed on science parks around the city. Many of these parks and buildings are owned or leased by university colleges, and the companies often have been spun out of the university.^{[citation needed]} Such companies include Abcam, CSR, Acorn Computers (now ARM), CamSemi, Jagex and Sinclair. Microsoft chose to locate its Microsoft Research UK offices in a University of Cambridge technology park, separate from the main Microsoft UK campus in Reading.

Cambridge was also the home of Pye, who made radios and televisions and also defence equipment. In later years Pye evolved into several other companies including TETRA radio equipment manufacturer Pye Telecommunications. Another major business is Marshall Aerospace located on the eastern edge of the city. The Cambridge Network keeps businesses in touch with each other. The FTSE100 software company Autonomy Corporation is located at the Business Park on Cowley Road.

Geography

Cambridge is about 50 miles (80 km) north-by-east of London. The city is located in an area of level and relatively low-lying terrain just south of the Fens, which varies between 6 metres (20 ft) and 24 metres (79 ft) above sea level.^[19] The River Cam flows through the city north from the village of Grantchester. The name 'Cambridge' is derived from the river.^[20]

Like most cities, modern-day Cambridge has many suburbs and areas of high-density housing. The city centre of Cambridge is mostly commercial, historic buildings, and large green areas such as Jesus Green, Parker's Piece and Midsummer Common. Many of the roads in the centre are pedestrianised.

Demography

The demography in Cambridge changes considerably in and out of University term times, so can be hard to measure.

In the 2001 Census held during University term, 89.44% of Cambridge residents identified themselves as white, compared with a national average of 92.12%.^[21] Within the University, 84% of undergraduates and 80% of post-graduates identify as white (including overseas students).^[22]

Cambridge has a much higher than average proportion of people in the highest paid professional, managerial or administrative jobs (32.6% vs. 23.5%)^[23] and a much lower than average proportion of manual workers (27.6% vs. 40.2%).^[23] In addition, a much higher than average proportion of people have a high level qualification (e.g. degree, Higher National Diploma, qualified doctor), (41.2% vs. 19.7%).^[24]

Historical population numbers

Government and politics

Local government

Cambridge is a non-metropolitan district served by a city council. The City of Cambridge is one of five districts within the county of Cambridgeshire, and is bordered on all sides by the mainly rural South Cambridgeshire district. Indeed, it is the only district in England to be entirely surrounded by another.^{[citation needed]} The city council's headquarters are in the Guildhall,^[28] a large building in the market square. City councillors elect a mayor annually. Cambridge was granted a Royal Charter by King John in 1207, which permitted the appointment of a Mayor,^[29] although the first recorded Mayor, Harvey FitzEustace, served in 1213.^[30] Cambridge is also served by Cambridgeshire County Council.

For electoral purposes the city is divided into 14 wards: Abbey, Arbury, Castle, Cherry Hinton, Coleridge, East Chesterton, King's Hedges, Market, Newnham, Petersfield, Queen Edith's, Romsey, Trumpington, and West Chesterton.

The political composition of the city council is currently:^[31]

• 29 Liberal Democrat councillors
• 9 Labour councillors
• 2 Green councillor
• 1 Conservative councillor
• 1 Independent councillor

The Liberal Democrats have controlled the city council since 2000.

Westminster

The parliamentary constituency of Cambridge covers most of the city. Julian Huppert (Liberal Democrat) was elected Member of Parliament (MP) at the 2010 general election. One area of the city, Queen Edith's ward,^[32] lies in the South Cambridgeshire constituency, whose MP is Andrew Lansley (Conservative), elected in 1997. The city had previously elected a Labour MP from 1992 to 2005 and prior to this, usually elected a Conservative after the Second World War. However, the Conservatives have seen their share of the vote fall over the past 20 years.

The University used to have a seat in the House of Commons, Sir Isaac Newton being one of the most notable holders. The Cambridge University constituency was abolished under 1948 legislation, and ceased at the dissolution of Parliament for the 1950 general election, along with the other university constituencies.

Transport

Cambridge is a city with many transport connections as well as being one of the UK's eleven "Cycling Cities", a status given in 2008. There are regular trains to King's Cross and Liverpool Street stations in London as well as to Peterborough, Royston, King's Lynn, Norwich, Ipswich and Stansted Airport. Two major roads pass by the outskirts of the city, the M11 motorway and the A14. Cambridge also has its own airport, Marshall's Airport. The future Cambridgeshire Guided Busway will run through Cambridge city centre. Cambridgeshire County Council has also submitted a bid for £500 million from the Transport Innovation Fund.

Education

Cambridge's two universities,^[33] the collegiate University of Cambridge and the local campus of Anglia Ruskin University, serve around 30,000 students, by some estimates.^[34] Cambridge University estimated its 2007/08 student population at 17,662,^[35] and Anglia Ruskin reports 24,000 students across its two campuses (one of which is outside Cambridge, in Chelmsford) for the same period.^[36] State provision in the further education sector includes Hills Road Sixth Form College, Long Road Sixth Form College, and Cambridge Regional College.

Both state and independent schools serve Cambridge pupils from nursery to secondary school age. State schools are administered by Cambridgeshire County Council, which maintains 251 schools in total,^[37] 35 of them in Cambridge city.^[38] Chesterton Community College, the Parkside Federation (comprising Parkside Community College and Coleridge Community College, Manor Community College, Netherhall School, and the Christian inter-denominational St. Bede's School provide comprehensive secondary education.^[39] Many other pupils from the Cambridge area attend village colleges, an educational institution unique to Cambridgeshire, which serve as secondary schools during the day and adult education centres outside of school hours.^[40] Private schools in the city include The Perse School, The Perse School for Girls, St. Mary's School and The Leys School.^[41]

Culture

Sport

Football

Cambridge played a unique role in the invention of modern football: the game's first set of rules were drawn up by members of the University in 1848. The Cambridge Rules were first played on Parker's Piece and had a "defining influence on the 1863 Football Association rules."^[42]

The city is home to Cambridge United F.C., who played in the Football League at the Abbey Stadium from 1970 to 2005, when they were relegated to Conference National, the division in which they currently compete. When relegation became inevitable the club was placed in administration with substantial debts, but it emerged from administration in time for the 2005–06 season. The club's biggest success came in the early 1990s, with two successive promotions, two successive FA Cup quarter-final appearances, a run to the Football League Cup quarter-finals, and reaching the brink of promotion to the new Premier League.

The city's other football club Cambridge City F.C. play in the Southern Football League Premier Division at the City Ground in Chesterton. Histon, just north of Cambridge, is home to Conference National side Histon F.C..

Rugby

The city is represented in both codes of Rugby football. Rugby Union club Cambridge R.U.F.C. play in National Division One at their home ground, West Renault Park on Grantchester Road in the southwest corner of the city. Cambridge Eagles Rugby League team play in the National Conference League East Section during the summer months.

Watersports

The River Cam running through the city centre is used for boating. The University has its own rowing club, Cambridge University Boat Club, and most of the individual colleges have boathouses on the river. The main focus of university rowing life are the two bumps races held in the Lent and Summer terms. Cambridgeshire Rowing Association was formed in 1868 and organises competitive rowing on the river outside of the University.^[43] Shallower parts of the Cam are used for recreational punting, a type of boating in which the craft is propelled by pushing against the river bed with a quant pole.

Other sports

As well as being the home of the Cambridge Rules in football, Parker's Piece was used for first-class cricket matches from 1817 to 1864.^[44] The University of Cambridge's Cricket ground, Fenner's, is located in the city and is one of the home grounds for minor counties team Cambridgeshire CCC.^[45] Cambridge is also home to two Real Tennis courts out of just 42 in the world at Cambridge University Real Tennis Club.^[46] British American Football League club Cambridgeshire Cats play at Coldham's Common. Cambridge has two cycling clubs Team Cambridge^[47] and Cambridge Cycling Club.^[48]

Motorcycle speedway racing took place at the Greyhound Stadium in Newmarket Road in 1939 and the contemporary local press carried meeting reports and photographs of racing. It is not known if this venue operated in other years. The team raced as Newmarket as the meetings were organised by the Newmarket Motorcycle Club.^{[citation needed]}

Varsity sports

Cambridge is also known for its university sporting events against Oxford, especially the rugby union Varsity Match and the Boat Race. These are followed by people across the globe, many of whom have no connection to the institutions themselves.^{[citation needed]}

Theatre

Cambridge's main traditional theatre is the Arts Theatre, a venue with 666 seats in the town centre.^[49] The theatre often has touring shows, as well as those by local companies. The largest venue in the city to regular hold theatrical performances is the Cambridge Corn Exchange - capacity 1800 standing or 1200 seated. Housed within the city's 19th century former corn exchange building the venue was used for a variety of additional functions throughout the 20th century including tea parties, motor shows, sports matches and a music venue with temporary stage.^[50] The City Council renovated the building in the 1980s, turning it into a full-time arts venue, hosting theatre, dance and music performances.^[50]

The newest theatre venue in Cambridge is the 220-seat^[51] J2, also known as The Shed, part of the Junction complex in Cambridge Leisure Park. The venue was opened in 2004 and hosts live music, comedy and night clubs as well as traditional and contemporary theatre and dance.^[51]

The ADC Theatre is managed by the University of Cambridge, and typically has 3 shows a week during term time. The Mumford Theatre is part of Anglia Ruskin University, and hosts shows by both student and non student groups. There are also a number of venues within the colleges.

Cambridge in literature and film

The city has been the setting for all or part of several novels, including Douglas Adams' Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency,^{[citation needed]} Rose Macaulay's They Were Defeated,^{[citation needed]} Kate Atkinson's Case Histories^{[citation needed]}, Rebecca Stott's Ghostwalk^{[citation needed]} and Robert Harris's Enigma,^[52][53] whilst Susanna Gregory wrote a series of novels set in 14th century Cambridge^{[citation needed]} and Sylvia Plath wrote a number of short stories with a Cambridge setting published in the collection Johnny Panic and the Bible of Dreams.^{[citation needed]} Gwen Raverat, the granddaughter of Charles Darwin, talked about her late Victorian Cambridge childhood in her memoir Period Piece and The Night Climbers of Cambridge is a book written under the pseudonym "Whipplesnaith" about nocturnal climbing on the Colleges and town buildings of Cambridge in the 1930s.^{[citation needed]}

Fictionalised versions of Cambridge appear in Philippa Pearce's Tom's Midnight Garden and Minnow on the Say, the city renamed as Castleford, and as the home of Tom Sharpe's fictional "Porterhouse College".^{[citation needed]}

The BBC television programme Silent Witness was filmed for large parts in Cambridge.^{[citation needed]}

Music

Popular music

Most notable of the bands that formed in Cambridge are Pink Floyd, the band's former songwriter guitarist and vocalist Syd Barrett was born and lived in the city. He and other founder member Roger Waters went to school together at Cambridgeshire High School for Boys and David Gilmour was also a Cambridge resident and attended the nearby Perse School. Other bands who formed in Cambridge include Henry Cow, Katrina and the Waves, The Soft Boys,^[54] Ezio,^[55] Horace X ^[56] The Broken Family Band,^[57] and the pop-classical group King's Singers, who were formed at the University.^{[citation needed]} Solo artists Boo Hewerdine^[58] and Robyn Hitchcock^[59] are from Cambridge, as are Drum and bass artists (and brothers) Nu:Tone and Logistics. Singer Olivia Newton-John^[60] and Matthew Bellamy, lead singer of rock band Muse, were born in the city.^[61] Singer-songwriter Nick Drake and Manchester music mogul Tony Wilson, the founder of Factory Records, were both educated at the University of Cambridge.

Festivals and events

Several fairs and festivals take place in Cambridge, mostly during the British summer. Midsummer Fair is one of the oldest fairs in the UK and at one point was possibly the largest medieval fair in Europe.^{[citation needed]} Today it exists primarily as an annual funfair with the vestige of a market attached and is held over several days around or close to midsummers day. On the first Saturday in June Midsummer Common is also the site for Strawberry Fair, a free music and children's fair, with a series of market stalls. For one week in May, on nearby Jesus Green, the annual Cambridge Beer Festival is held. Started in 1974, it is Britain's second largest beer festival outside London. 90,000 pints of beer and a tonne of cheese were served in 2009.^[62]

Cambridge Folk Festival, one of the largest festivals of folk music in the UK, is held annually in the grounds of Cherry Hinton Hall on the outskirts of the city. The festival has been organised by the city council since its inception in 1964. Cambridge Shakespeare Festival is an eight-week season of open-air performances of the works of William Shakespeare, held in the gardens of the Colleges of The University of Cambridge.^[63] Started in 1977, the Cambridge Film Festival was held annually in July, but moved to September in 2008 to avoid a clash with the rescheduled Edinburgh Film Festival.^[64]

Public services

Cambridge is served by Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, with several smaller medical centres around the city and a general hospital at Addenbrookes. Addenbrookes is a learning and teaching hospital, one of the largest in the United Kingdom, and functions as a centre for medical research.

The East of England Ambulance Service covers the city and has an ambulance station on Hills Road.^[65] The smaller Brookfields Hospital is located on Mill Road.^[66] Cambridgeshire Constabulary provide the city's policing; the major police station is at Parkside,^[67] adjacent to the city's fire station, which is operated by Cambridgeshire Fire and Rescue.^[68]

Cambridge Water supplies water services to the city,^[69][70] while Anglian Water provides sewerage services.^[71] Cambridge is part of the East of England region, for which the distribution network operator is EDF Energy.^[72] The city has no power stations, though a five-metre wind turbine, part of a Cambridge Regional College development, can be seen in King's Hedges.^[73]

The city's Central Library is located in the Grand Arcade and reopened on 29 September 2009,^[74] after having been closed for refurbishment for 33 months, more than twice as long as was forecast when the library closed for redevelopment in January 2007.^[74][75]

Religion

Cambridge has a number of churches, some of which form a significant part of the city's architectural landscape. A Cambridge-based family and youth organisation, Romsey Mill, had its centre re-dedicated in 2007 by the Archbishop of York, and is quoted as an example of best practice in a study^[76] into social inclusion by the East of England Regional Assembly.

Cambridge is in the Roman Catholic Diocese of East Anglia, and the city is served by the large Gothic Revival Our Lady and the English Martyrs Church at the junction of Hills Road and Lensfield Road. There is a Russian Orthodox church under the Archdiocese of Great Britain and Sourozh,^[77] and a Greek Orthodox church under the Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain.^[78]

Cambridge has two synagogues: an Orthodox synagogue and Jewish student centre on Thompson's Lane, operated by the Cambridge University Jewish Society, and a Reform synagogue Beth Shalom which meets at a local school. The Abu Bakr Jamia Islamic Centre on Mawson Road and the Omar Faruque Mosque and Cultural Centre in Kings Hedges^[79] serve the city's community of around 4,000 Muslims until a planned new mosque is built.^[80]

A Buddhist centre was opened in the former Barnwell Theatre on Newmarket Road in 1998.^[81] In 2005 local Hindus began fundraising to build a shrine at the Bharat Bhavan Indian cultural centre off Mill Road,^[82] where Hindu and Hare Krishna groups conduct worship.^[83] Cambridge also has a number of secular groups, such as the Cambridge Humanists.^[84]

University

Great St Mary's Church has the status of being the "University Church".^[85] Many of the University colleges contain chapels that hold services according to the rites and ceremonies of the Church of England, while the chapel of St Edmund's College is Roman Catholic.^[86] The city also has a number of theological colleges for training clergy for ordination into a number of denominations, with affiliations to both the University of Cambridge and Anglia Ruskin University. The University of Cambridge is also home to the evangelical Christian organisation Cambridge Intercollegiate Christian Union.

Twinned cities

Cambridge is twinned with two cities. Like Cambridge, both have universities and are also similar in population.

• Heidelberg, Germany since 1965^[87]
• Szeged, Hungary since 1987^[87]

See also

• List of bridges in Cambridge
• Cambridge News
• Cambridge museums
• Cambridgeshire Archives and Local Studies
• Gog Magog Downs

Panoramic photo gallery

References

Notes

1. ^ "Resident Population Estimates by Ethnic Group (Percentages)". National Statistics. http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=276890&c=cambridge&d=13&e=13&g=425696&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1206485877123&enc=1&dsFamilyId=1812.
2. ^ "Bronze Age site is found in city". BBC News. 17 January 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cambridgeshire/7194650.stm. Retrieved 5 February 2009.
3. ^ "A brief history of Cambridge". visitcambridge.org. Cambridge City Council. 2010. http://www.visitcambridge.org/VisitCambridge/Factsheets.aspx. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
4. ^ ^{a b} Nugent Lawrence Brooke, Christopher; Damien Riehl Leader (1988). A history of the University of Cambridge. 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 10. ISBN 0521328829. http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=PRAjTFPV1MoC&oi=fnd&pg=PR11&dq=danelaw+cambridge+878&ots=yYYbrrk8Ac&sig=Kwm2Ogaxj6fgTUl83Td4aedC_ow#v=onepage&q=danelaw&f=false.
5. ^ St Bene't's Church.
6. ^ "University and Colleges: A Brief History". Cam.ac.uk. 2008-02-07. http://www.cam.ac.uk/univ/history/records.html. Retrieved 2010-01-13.
7. ^ "About the College | Peterhouse". Pet.cam.ac.uk. http://www.pet.cam.ac.uk/welcome-peterhouse/about-college. Retrieved 2010-01-13.
8. ^ [1]
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36. ^ "Annual Review 2007-8". Anglia Ruskin University. http://www.anglia.ac.uk/ruskin/en/home/your_university/about_anglia_ruskin/annual_review_0708.Maincontent.0002.file.tmp/Annual%20Review%2007-08%20web.pdf. Retrieved 28 September 2009.
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38. ^ "Educational establishments in Cambridgeshire" (PDF). Cambridgeshire County Council.
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41. ^ Davidson, Max (20 May 2006). "City spotlight: Cambridge". Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/cities/3350043/City-spotlight-Cambridge.html. Retrieved 28 September 2009.
42. ^ "Cambridge...the birthplace of football?!". bbc.co.uk. http://www.bbc.co.uk/cambridgeshire/content/articles/2006/06/09/cambridge_football_rules_parkers_piece_feature.shtml.
43. ^ "Early CRA History". Cambridgeshire Rowing Association. http://www.cra-online.net/info/history/early.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-14.
44. ^ "List of first-class matches on Parker's Piece". Cricketarchive.com. http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/375_f.html. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
45. ^ "About Us". Cambridgeshire CCC. http://cambcounty.play-cricket.com/home/aboutUs.asp. Retrieved 2009-01-06.
46. ^ "Cambridge University Real Tennis Club". Curtc.net. http://www.curtc.net/. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
47. ^ "Team Cambridge". Team Cambridge. http://www.team-cambridge.co.uk/. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
48. ^ "Cambridge CC". Cambridge-cycling-club.org.uk. http://www.cambridge-cycling-club.org.uk/. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
49. ^ "Cambridge Arts Theatre Website". Cambridgeartstheatre.com. http://www.cambridgeartstheatre.com/. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
50. ^ ^{a b} "The History of the Cambridge Corn Exchange". Cambridge City Council. http://www.cornex.co.uk/ccm/cornex/pages/virtualtour/history-of-the-cambridge-corn-exchange.en. Retrieved 2009-03-02.
51. ^ ^{a b} "About Me: J2". The Junction, Cambridge. http://www.junction.co.uk/about/sub/22-j2/. Retrieved 2008-03-02.
52. ^ Graham Chainey (1985, 1995). A Literary History of Cambridge. Cambridge. ISBN 0-907115-25-X.
53. ^ Martin Garrett (2004). Cambridge: a Cultural and Literary History. Oxford. ISBN 1-902669-79-7.
54. ^ The Soft Boys at Allmusic
55. ^ Ezio at Allmusic
56. ^ "Horace X Biography". http://www.horacex.com/biography.html. Retrieved 2009-08-12.
57. ^ "The Broken Family Band Biography". www.xfm.co.uk. http://www.xfm.co.uk/artists/the-broken-family-band/biography. Retrieved 2008-08-13.
58. ^ Boo Hewerdine at Allmusic
59. ^ Robyn Hitchcock at Allmusic
60. ^ "Biography". www.olivia-newtonjohn.com. http://www.olivia-newtonjohn.com/olivia-newton-john/bio.php. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
61. ^ Matthew Bellamy at the Internet Movie Database
62. ^ "Cambridge & District CAMRA Winter Ale Festival 2010". Cambridgebeerfestival.com. http://www.cambridgebeerfestival.com. Retrieved 2010-01-13.
63. ^ —The Times (2009-08-29). "About the Festival | The Cambridge Shakespeare Festival 2010". Cambridgeshakespeare.com. http://www.cambridgeshakespeare.com/about/. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
64. ^ "Cambridge Film Festival". www.festivalfocus.org. http://www.festivalfocus.org/festival_view.php?uid=1024. Retrieved 2008-07-21.
65. ^ "East Of England Ambulance Service NHS Trust". National Health Service. http://www.nhs.uk/ServiceDirectories/Pages/Trust.aspx?id=RYC&v=6. Retrieved 28 September 2009.
66. ^ "Brookfields Hospital". National Health Service. http://www.nhs.uk/ServiceDirectories/Pages/Hospital.aspx?id=5PP33. Retrieved 28 September 2009.
67. ^ "Cambridgeshire Constabulary: Contact us". Cambridgeshire Constabulary. http://www.cambs-police.co.uk/contactus/maps.asp. Retrieved 28 September 2009.
68. ^ "Cambridge fire station". Cambridgehsire Fire and Rescue. http://www.cambsfire.gov.uk/about/parkside.php. Retrieved 28 September 2009.
69. ^ "Cambridge Water information and contacts". Water Guide. http://www.water-guide.org.uk/cambridge-water.html. Retrieved 28 September 2009.
70. ^ "Cambridge Water coverage and location". Cambridge Water Company. Archived from the original on 2008-05-02. http://web.archive.org/web/20080502214315/http://www.cambridge-water.co.uk/community/coverage&location.asp. Retrieved 28 September 2009.
71. ^ "About you: water charges". Cambridge Water Company. http://www.cambridge-water.co.uk/about_you/charges.asp. Retrieved 28 September 2009. ""Anglian Water supply your sewerage services. Cambridge Water bills and collects on behalf of Anglian Water. ""
72. ^ "Distribution business information for meter operators working upon EDF Energy's East of England, London, and South East distribution networks" (PDF). EDF energy. http://www.edfenergy.com/products-services/networks/pdf/edfenergy-mocopa-dbi.pdf. Retrieved 28 September 2009.
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74. ^ ^{a b} "Revamped Central Library ready to open". Cambridge Evening News. 25 September 2009. http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/cn_news_home/displayarticle.asp?id=451672. Retrieved 28 September 2009.
75. ^ Elliott, Chris (17 April 2009). "Library is hit by new delay fear". Cambridge Evening News. http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/cn_news_home/DisplayArticle.asp?ID=408967. Retrieved 28 September 2009.
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77. ^ "Orthodox Parish of St. Ephraim the Syrian, Cambridge". Ephraim.org.uk. http://www.ephraim.org.uk/. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
78. ^ http://www.thyateira.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=225&Itemid=136
79. ^ "Omar Faruque Mosque and Cultural Centre". Salatomatic. http://www.salatomatic.com/d/Cambridge+17159+Omar-Faruque-Mosque-and-Cultural-Centre/?msg=9. Retrieved 2010-07-20.
80. ^ Mosque site hunt is over, Cambridge Evening News 6 May 2008
81. ^ UK. "History of the Barnwell or Festival Theatre". Cambridgebuddhistcentre.com. http://www.cambridgebuddhistcentre.com/cbc/CBC_history.php. Retrieved 2010-01-13.
82. ^ ""Shrine Appeal by Hindu Group", Cambridge Evening News, 19 October 2005 retrieved 9 August 2008". Cambridge-news.co.uk. 2005-10-19. http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/cn_news_cambridge/displayarticle.asp?id=263456. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
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External links

• Cambridge City Council
• Cambridge travel guide from Wikitravel
• The Cambridge Market Place Webcam
• The Cambridge Time Traveller History Site
• Cambridgeshire Association for Local History
• Cambridgeshire Historian & Archaeologist
• Cambridgeshire Community Archives

Coordinates: 52°12′29″N 0°7′21″E / 52.20806°N 0.1225°E

Categories: Cambridge | Cities in the East of England | County towns in England | Local government in Cambridgeshire | Shire districts | University towns in the United Kingdom

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